Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) refer to nations with relatively low levels of economic development, as measured by gross national income (GNI) per capita. These countries typically face a range of challenges, including high levels of poverty, limited access to quality healthcare and education, inadequate infrastructure, and political instability. Research in LMICs often focuses on addressing these challenges and improving the well-being of their populations. This can include studying the impact of interventions aimed at reducing poverty, improving healthcare delivery systems, increasing access to clean water and sanitation, and promoting economic development. Researchers in this area often work collaboratively with local governments, organizations, and communities to design and implement solutions that are culturally appropriate and sustainable. By studying the unique challenges faced by LMICs and developing evidence-based strategies to address them, researchers aim to contribute to the overall development and improvement of these countries.